The Benefits of Dance for Dyspraxics and Dyslexics Essay Example for Free

The Benefits of Dance for Dyspraxics and Dyslexics Essay As a consequence of my career in the teaching of dance, I have had some practical experience working with dyslexic and dyspraxic children for a number of years now and have become increasingly interested in the problems they face. In having this study to write an ideal opportunity arose to research the subjects in more detail. In doing so I have discovered how vast it really is and how difficult it is to write even an explanation of the conditions. â€Å"No two dyslexics are alike† ,[1] so how can one state precisely what it is? Even the different institutions who are expert in their fields differ. My aim is to open up the subjects, provoking some interest in the reader to learn more about them and then to focus on how I feel dance can be of assistance in the child’s life, albeit in very different ways. To cover just one subject thoroughly would be impossible, but I hope, in skimming the surface, I can demonstrate how important these issues are. I do not claim expertise. The information that I have used comes from reliable sources (see Bibliography) and includes personal opinions. The essential fact is that although the two words sound similar, they are very different problems. There are many definitions of dyslexia. The International Dyslexia Association states that;â€Å"dyslexia is a neurologically based, often familial, disorder which interferes with the acquisition and processing of language† .[2] British Dyslexics say simply â€Å"individuals†¦.struggle to learn through the medium of written or spoken language† ,[3] but have a list of definitions from other sources which includeâ€Å"dyslexia is the ability to see multidimensionally, all at once, or from any one place at a time. The ability to think in pictures and to register those pictures as real. Thus, you mix in creative thinking with reality and change what is seen or heard† .[4] The percentage of dyslexia sufferers varies from source to source, it may be up to 20% of the population (Dyslexia U.K information on ‘Incidence ’[5]) in varying degrees. That is a vast amount! Three times more males are affected than females probably because it is usually hereditary being passed down through males. In my experience boys heavily outweigh the ratio of boys to girls. Ron Davis, a dyslexic who suffered as a child wrote the book â€Å"The Gift of Dyslexia†. It left me both more confused about the problem and yet more understanding of it too! Why do dyslexics who are usually normal to above average intelligence often have difficulties at school even though hopefully nowadays teachers are taught to be more aware of learning disabilities? My understanding of Davis’ book allows me to see that dyslexics need a completely different teaching method because their thought processes are different. Dyslexics think in pictures, non-dyslexics think verbally (using words). These pictures/thoughts happen at a rate of approximately 32 a second, as opposed to 2-5 thoughts a second for the verbal thinker.[6] Dyslexics are not aware of most of their thoughts as they happen too quickly, but the subliminal part of the brain takes them in and it is this ability that gives them highly tuned intuition and creativity. They become so involved in their thoughts that these become reality- they see, hear, smell and feel what is in their heads. This causes me some confusion as I am a verbal thinker and it is difficult to conceptualise another way of thinking. How can any one teacher be expected to teach in two different ways at the same time? It is a little like having one half of the class thinking in French and the other in English but all speaking English (to use rather an extreme analogy). The reason behind thinking in pictures comes from the relative sizes of the brain’s hemispheres. The right side is often larger in dyslexics and this is the ‘picture’ side, the creative centre. The left side is the language side. This becomes a problem when the child goes to school and does not understand the written word. A different learning process is needed as our current methods rely heavily on written language and verbal thought. There becomes a big discrepancy between their intellectual ability and their reading performance. This lack of understanding in one area is also the reason why individuals are gifted in another area. Highly tuned intuition is a dyslexic talent, as is a greater curiosity the â€Å"dynamic force behind creativity† .[7] Dyslexics can ‘see’ things from all angles and from outside themselves. They can put their â€Å"mind’s eye† [8] anywhere, seeing the whole picture rather than fragments of the whole. â€Å"Dyslexia would not be so common if its effects were purely detrimental†. [9] Many of the great geniuses were dyslexic- Einstein for example once said, â€Å"if I can’t picture it, I can’t understand it† ;[10] Da Vinci, Walt Disney and Winston Churchill all suffered with this ‘affliction’. Living dyslexics include Cher, Whoopi Goldberg, Guy Ritchie and Eddie Izzard â€Å"the bizarre connections he makes in his unscripted shows may be a dyslexic dividend† .10 A recent article in the Daily Telegraph features a severely dyslexic entrepreneur, Ben Way who at 20 is a multimillionaire! His grandfather was dyslexic and his mother is which may be one reason for his exceptional skills. When he gets an idea he says â€Å"it all comes together like a whirring candy floss machine, turning in my head, making connections from all over the place. In an hour I find I can see the solution to a problem† .[11] He also says about people he has worked with of higher IQ than himself â€Å"but they don’t see things from so many angles†. 11 It is probably becoming apparent that the negative side of dyslexia has an equal and opposite positive side that would not be so developed if there were no dyslexia present. The way they think leads them to be potentially talented in many areas unrelated to their language skills. Their â€Å"special talent comes from the same mental functions that prevent them from being able to read, write or spell well† .[12] Intuition has already been mentioned, this ability to understand and picture the whole. Creativity relates directly to dance (and other visual subjects; art, design, technology etc). Their thought processes which allow them to picture something, even themselves from another point in space is highly desirable in artistic subjects. â€Å"Dancers and athletes (two favourite professions of dyslexics) ordinarily have their minds eye positioned above their heads† .[13] As babies and toddlers dyslexics are more curious than other children are, often walking before crawling. This curiosity leads to creativity and this creativity is the gift they have. In dance, imagination and creativity are vital. Dyslexics are usually good musically and inner rhythm is another important element we look for. In summary the abilities that dyslexics have that potentially would make dance a good medium are-1:Thinking in pictures; dance is a visual art form that requires the participant to see shapes and copy shapes. It is moving art. 2:Thinking and perceiving multi-dimensionally. All the senses are utilised, seeing the whole picture rather than fragments. Ideal when choreographing. 3:A vivid imagination. 4:Extraordinary creative skills. â€Å"Tasks which require the ability to visualise something in a creative or different way are often simple for the individual with these talents†.[14] Achievement is vital for anyone’s self esteem but especially for a child who may perceive themselves a failure in other aspects of their lives. To my mind if children are struggling at school for whatever reason, but find a niche for themselves in the dance class or any other activity, then we are obliged to nurture it. This should build their confidence and self worth and hopefully help them in other aspects of their lives and so prevent negative feelings of frustration and failure. It may also offset other related problems that could arise such as bad behaviour and depression. Thomas Scheidler (co-founder of The Greenwood School) discovered a â€Å"big discrepancy between their [dyslexics] ability to perform artistically and their ability to perform in language areas†. [15] In sports that needed good balance and co-ordination they excelled; dyslexics that are well co-ordinated â€Å"tend to also be especially good in sports that require balance and a sense of flow†. 14 It is so important to encourage children in disciplines where they demonstrate some aptitude, especially children who obviously suffer in basic learning areas. Dyspraxia or â€Å"developmental co-ordination disorder† is â€Å"an impairment or immaturity of the organisation of movement and, in many individuals, there may be associated problems of language, perception and thought†. [16] Between 2-10% of the population are affected, 70% being boys. (Dyspraxic Foundation). I intend to concentrate on the problem of co-ordination and only touch on other difficulties when they are relevant or link to the role of dance/movement. Almost from birth children with dyspraxia will show signs of movement impairment. They lack motor competence and have often been labelled ‘clumsy’. It is thought, †parts of the brain have failed to mature properly†. [17] Without delving into the reasoning behind this too much, it is noteworthy that when taking a ‘history’ questions concerning pregnancy and diet are included (p.19 Developmental Dyspraxia by Madeleine Portwood). Dyspraxia â€Å"affects how a child manages and co-ordinates his or her movements† [18] because â€Å"reinforced interconnections between nerve cells in the cerebral cortex are reduced in number†. [19] Normally automatic movements in the dyspraxic have to be taught and used repeatedly to create these connections. Dyspraxic babies often ‘bottom shuffle’ then walk because the brain can not give the limbs independent messages they need in order to crawl. Children display awkward movement, have limited creativity and concentration. They lack strength and tone in muscles and subsequently have poor posture. Each of the ‘skills’ we take for granted i.e. walking with co-ordinated arm movements, jumping, climbing etc, have to be learnt by the dyspraxic child. The neural pathways need to be reinforced quickly. It is the â€Å"execution of motor skills which encourages the development of the neural pathways in the brain†. [20] They find it â€Å"difficult to execute tasks which involve co-ordination of arms and legs†, 19 although they become good at a skill they have practised. Unfortunately it is specific to that particular skill and they find transferring information from one area to another difficult. They almost end up relearning the same thing to be used elsewhere. â€Å"Tasks requiring balance, rhythm and co-ordination are most useful†. [21] One of the single most important areas that dyspraxic individuals need to work on is their co-ordination and their gross motor skills. This word, co-ordination, has already come up and it and dance are synonymous. This is the starting point that makes me feel dance can really play an important part in a dyspraxics life and their subsequent development. Dance can help promote their gross motor skills, their balance, mastering common movements, for example, standing on one leg, hopping, hop scotch, skipping, controlling their arm movements and synchronising arms and legs. It will also develop the body’s postural muscles which will go a long way to assisting in the control of their body as a whole, making them more spatially aware of themselves. We use nursery rhymes with young children that require putting actions to words, these can be most fun and beneficial in learning to co-ordinate and move the body in a variety of ways (the teacher helping as needed). When the child goes from nursery school to reception there is â€Å"less opportunity to improve his gross motor skills† [22] and so attendance of a dance class will continue to improve and build on motor skills outside the school environment and in an enjoyable and more relaxed atmosphere. The dyspraxic child â€Å"will avoid activities essential for development if he is not directed towards them†. 21 If used alongside other intervention methods early enough, dance can enhance the child’s self esteem and teach the motor skills required to avoid physical conflict. This will encourage their peers to include them in activities and help them to feel less isolated. This is essential to the child’s welfare and may offset, like the dyslexic child, other emotional problems. It can be seen that the two conditions bear little resemblance to each other. A dyspraxic child can often have a reading age two years above themselves whereas a dyslexic will probably always find reading a chore. Dyspraxics have limited creativity but dyslexics show extremely high levels of imagination. A dyslexic is often very good at sports and balancing, co-ordination type activity whereas a dyspraxic has to work very hard to become as skilled. There are common areas though. Both generally have normal to high intelligence. Dyslexics will experience some degree of dyspraxia due to seeing their thoughts as reality and so losing their sense of space in actual reality, thus becoming confused and disorientated. In my experience both respond to routine and if this is upset it often leads to disruption and this will cause them to achieve less than when the routine is consistent. With a dance class repetition is necessary in order to acquire a skill. For a dyspraxic or dyslexic child to see what is ahead is reassuring, especially when they feel themselves improving. One last point of similarity and interest is that both affect more boys than girls. If we can entice many more boys into the pre-school dance class we can start intervention and indeed see the signs of a problem earlier. We tend by default to help more girls, either intentionally or unintentionally, simply because they present themselves in larger numbers. Learning basic movement skills and firing off imagination is important for both sexes, as is interacting socially in a controlled environment. If we could get the boys into the classes and into our imaginative world we could begin to help many more youngsters with or without learning difficulties. Dance to me has an obvious place here, whether it be tuning into an individuals talent and providing an outlet to a very creative mind, or giving a child confidence in moving their own body and having control over that body. I have experienced the positive effect dance can have in both these areas and seen children gain in confidence in other aspects of their lives as a result. Having studied these ‘disorders’ I feel I have acquired much more of an insight into the approach needed when teaching in this area and consequently greater confidence that using dance is a positive addition to intervention methods currently in use. In my opinion, dance is a world that should be open and enjoyed by all and be beneficial as a whole mind and body approach for a healthy life, emotionally, mentally and physically. Bibliography: The Gift of Dyslexia by Ron Davis Developmental Dyspraxia – Identification and Intervention by Madeleine Portwood (Second Edition) A First Guide to Developmental Co-ordination Disorder. Published by OAASIS. (Office for Advice, Assistance, Support and Information on Special Needs). What is Developmental Dyspraxia? By Dyspraxia Foundation ‘He’s not stupid, he’s Dyslexic’ article- The Sunday Times 23 July 2000 by Peter Martin ‘One day we’ll take over the world’ article- Daily Telegraph 10 January 2001 by Cassandre Jardine. The following are articles found on the internet under Dyslexia;- Dyslexia U.K: Dyslexia and its Implications. What is Dyslexia? By Bright Solutions for Dyslexia, LLC What is Dyslexia? By British Dyslexics What is Dyslexia? By Roger P Harrie and Carol Weller Dyslexia and Creativity. An interview with Thomas Scheidler by Rondi Lightmark.

An Analysis of Communism Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

An Analysis of Communism Different forms of government have existed through the ages, including capitalism, monarchy, socialism, dictatorship, and theocracy. Communism is a government that developed in the early nineteen hundreds. The theory of communism is to create a government under which all people are equal. Communism hasn't achieved its goal to make all people equal. The leaders of communist nations have shown an insatiable desire for power. They take what the workers produce and give back only what is necessary (Orwell 10). Purges took place in communist governments under the leadership of dictators such as Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong. Under Stalin's rule "30,000 communists [were] killed in Paris" (Joseph Stalin). George Orwell narrowly escaped Stalin's purges in Spain where "many of [his] friends were shot, and others spent a long time in prison or simply disappeared" (Orwell 5). In this purge Stalin successfully executed Trotsky, who had been a key figure in establishing communism in the U.S.S.R (Joseph Stalin). Communist governments are unstable ... An Analysis of Communism Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers An Analysis of Communism Different forms of government have existed through the ages, including capitalism, monarchy, socialism, dictatorship, and theocracy. Communism is a government that developed in the early nineteen hundreds. The theory of communism is to create a government under which all people are equal. Communism hasn't achieved its goal to make all people equal. The leaders of communist nations have shown an insatiable desire for power. They take what the workers produce and give back only what is necessary (Orwell 10). Purges took place in communist governments under the leadership of dictators such as Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong. Under Stalin's rule "30,000 communists [were] killed in Paris" (Joseph Stalin). George Orwell narrowly escaped Stalin's purges in Spain where "many of [his] friends were shot, and others spent a long time in prison or simply disappeared" (Orwell 5). In this purge Stalin successfully executed Trotsky, who had been a key figure in establishing communism in the U.S.S.R (Joseph Stalin). Communist governments are unstable ...

Mass Media and Entertainment Essay

I’ll go ahead and say it: Neal Gabler’s â€Å"Life the Movie† makes valid points. Because of America’s dependence on technology-based media entertainment it is impossible not to interact with the distracting and alluring world of expressive communication. The world we live in today is sadly not the one that Henry David Thoreau was able to circumnavigate for two years in 1845. Today, to avoid media, is to be totally shut away from the world. Gone are the days of subtle newsprint and objective journalism. They have been trampled by 24-hour news cycles and narcissism-based social networking sights like Twitter and Facebook. While I can’t help but agree with Gabler on the media’s degenerative effects, there is a brighter side to a globalized system of entertainment. Entertainment can certainly ruin society if given the chance. Take for instance, MTV’s â€Å"Jersey Shore†. A show with absolutely no moral integrity, but simple humor and sex appeal can make money, so realistically; executives will invest in more of the same material. At the same time, hate/fear-mongering media moguls like Glenn Beck and Rush Limbaugh have a devoted, if not cult-like following of 60-somethings that they control in the name of â€Å"entertainment†. Clearly, entertainment has the capacity to ruin the structure of society, for better or worse. Whereas sites like Twitter and Facebook can be detrimental to society, they can also cause positive progress. Very recently, young Iranian revolutionaries used Twitter as a means of communication, education, and unity. Videos of citizens beaten to death in the streets were accompanied by calls to action, as a youthful and courageous Iranian population revolted against its oppressive government on the computer and TV screens of the globalized world. Furthermore, recent crisis like the tsunamis in Indonesia, hurricane in New Orleans, and earthquakes in Haiti were brought into the homes of the prosperous and caring across the world. Although tragic, these events demonstrated the capacity that a connected human populous has for charity. Billions of dollars in relief money has been donated in the past decade, thanks to the stirring images captured not only by corporate cameramen, but also by civilian camcorder. Thus, to define entertainment as solely destructive or beneficial is unjust. People are not always wise enough to turn off what they know is subjective information, but they are no means praying to neon gods. In his book â€Å"Life the Movie,† Neal Gabler discusses how entertainment has taken over the reality. This is true in every way: people watch television or movies, listen to music, and Facebook stalk their friends just to get out of their own heads for a while. It is an escape from their realities. Gabler argues that the outlet the media has come to provide can potentially ruin society. This is true in many cases. Certain forms of entertainment can indeed â€Å"overturn all morality† and â€Å"poison the springs of domestic happiness.† Music, specifically, is one type of entertainment that has the capacity to cause people to compromise their morals. It has a sneaky way of planting new thoughts in our minds. Music artists think of lyrical euphemisms to subtly engrain an idea into their listeners minds. For example, in their song â€Å"Fast Blood,† the ingenious Scottish band Frightened Rabbit sings about a â€Å"midnight organ fight–† a clever euphemism for sex. Even if their listener wasn’t sure what that line meant, the rest of the lyrics would help him piece it together fairly quickly. It’s a beautiful song, and soon enough, the listener finds himself singing along, and the idea that sex allows a person to feel â€Å"reborn† has now become a belief of this listener. And, whabam, there we have a compromised moral resulting from the idea of one song. The characters and stories found in movies, books, and television are aspects of entertainment that most certainly have the ability to ruin society. They can jeopardize a family’s happiness by creating an image of the â€Å"ideal† spouse or significant other or family. Stefanie Meyer’s Twilight Saga, for example, creates the character of Edward Cullen: the perfect lover. Comedian Whitney Cummings made a good point in her stand up routine â€Å"Money Shot† when she said, â€Å"Women are obsessed with romance†¦we get brainwashed from romantic movies.† She said she went to go see the movie â€Å"Twilight† thinking it was just about high schoolers and came out thinking, â€Å"Ohh, I have to marry a vampire, oh my God,† and proceeded to address the males in her audience, â€Å"Guys, don’t let your girlfriends see this movie: she will leave your ass, okay?† Movies like â€Å"Twilight† create this image of the perfect man. If women see that and begin to compare their husbands to Edward Cullen, divorce papers will soon be a-rustling. Characters like these create impossible standards for men to live up to! And pornography does the same to women: men look at these beautiful women with perfect bodies and begin to idealize females. And then no woman is good enough for them because it is impossible for a woman to look like that without plastic surgery, a crapload of make up, and a whole hell of a lot of photoshop. Media like this has the potential to destroy relationships because it establishes an unreachable standard. So, yes, Gabler makes a good point. Although entertainment can be â€Å"fun, effortless, sensational, mindless, formulaic, predictable and subversive† and that is why people love it so much, it can be detrimental to society as a whole. In his 1998 book, Life the Movie: How Entertainment Conquered Reality, Neal Gabler makes the assertion that entertainment has the capacity to â€Å"ruin† society. Although plenty of entertainment features positive messages and portrays good role models, I completely agree with idea the entertainment can ruin society because a large percentage of entertainment and media can acclimate viewers’ minds toward violence and it can corrupt citizens’ views of society and of themselves. In our modern media there are thousands upon thousands of movies, tv shows, songs, and video games that encourage violence and other negative behavior. Many people believe this to be harmless fun, but in instances when consumers blur the line between fantasy and reality it can become very dangerous. One tragic instance of this occurred June 7, 2003, when 3 men, 2 police officers and a 9-11 dispatcher, were killed in an Alabama police station by 18 year-old Devin Moore, who had played Grand Theft Auto day and night for months before the shooting. During his arrest, Moore is reported to have told police, â€Å"Life is like a video game. Everybody’s got to die sometime.† Entertainment can also ruin society by destroying citizens’ views of society and of themselves. From magazines to movies to television, the media has created a standard of near perfection that many people struggle to live up to because they want to be accepted. For example, professional athletes like Lebron James, Payton Manning, and many others have caused many aspiring athletes to look down upon themselves because they are not able to perform to the same level as the pros. Although many celebrities have contributed great acts of charity to society, that does not change the fact that much of entertainment, which these celebrities are apart of, encourages negative behavior. If not brought under control, these negative behaviors can bring about the downfall of society as we know it. Entertainment can be in many different forms: television, magazines, books, the computer, music, etc. And according to Neal Gabor in his book, â€Å"Life the Movie,† all of these things are â€Å"fun, effortless, sensational, mindless, formulaic, predictable, and subversive.† The fact that because of these reasons, people like entertainment is true. However, just because people like something, or enjoy it, doesn’t mean it’s not harmless. People who go tan in tanning beds everyday enjoy doing it, but in reality it triples their risk of skin cancer. The social impacts of entertainment are already showing in today’s society. People are communicating less and less by person, and more and more by computers. When people lose their ability to communicate with the people around them outside of their entertainment bubble, the sense of community is lost, and is causing increased health risks. All this said, it is not true that ALL entertainment will completely â€Å"dissolve the ties of our social order†. If entertainment is used in moderation and people learn to make the distinction between entertainment and reality, then it can be an enjoyable experience. But because all people don’t do these things, entertainment does have the capacity to â€Å"ruin society†society falls apart. In addition, some of the things that entertainment exposes society to can alter the thoughts and decisions of Americans and cause problems for society. For example, TV networks are creating shows like â€Å"America’s Next Top Model,† and giving people the idea that in order to be beautiful you have to be dangerously thin and look like a model. This causes poor self-images, and causes people to be unhappy. To make matters worse, celebrities everywhere are getting cosmetic surgery. This gives audiences the idea that they shouldn’t be happy with who they actually are, and that in order to be happy, they have to waste tons of money on unnecessary procedures. Also, the percentage of people getting divorced in America has been increasing lately. This is most likely because of the fact that celebrities are getting divorced left and right, and it’s starting to become â€Å"the norm.† People are making money off of those divorces by selling the stories (in gossip magazines) as entertainment. Entertainment portrays false realities that have potential to crumble social aspects of society. Not only does entertainment have the capacity to â€Å"ruin† society socially, but it can also cause health related consequences. The percentage of Americans that are either overweight or obese is somewhere around 63% and that is constantly increasing. Though it is true that part of the cause for this is the amount of processed foods we eat, but another large part of it is the amount of time we spend sitting, a concept that goes along with entertainment. Today people don’t have the need to go out much to be â€Å"happy†. Children can sit andwatch TV or play video games for entertainment, and no longer need to go outside to play with their friends. Also, because of computers people don’t need to leave their house to communicate with friends, they can just do it on Facebook. People don’t even have to leave their house to grocery shop anymore; they can just use their computer. The fact is that entertainment has made America into a very sedentary country, which Just like a friend’s influence on one’s behavior, entertainment has the capacity to destroy or strengthen one’s character. Someone can choose between entertainment with fleeting pleasure or lasting value. i. Maybe entertainment can ruin society because it is so distracting. For example, if kids and teenagers fill all of their time with entertainment instead of education, then how might this ruin society? ii. Maybe entertainment can ruin society by overturning morality. What are some ways that entertainment might change a society’s moral principles for the worst? For example, do violent video games cause people to believe that killing is not morally wrong? If so, how would this ruin a society? iii. Maybe, as your quote above claims, entertainment does dissolve the ties of social order. Does entertainment contribute to increased crime or civil unrest? Can you think of ways that entertainment directly or indirectly causes a society’s rule of law to break down?

The Napoleonic Code The Impact On Civil Law Around The...

The Napoleonic Code: The Impact on Civil Law Around the World Introduction In today’s world, there are only two major legal traditions. Most countries implement either common law or civil law. Common law originates in England during the Middle Ages and adopted by British colonies across the world. Generally, common law is not codified but rather relies on precedent. Therefore most judicial decisions have already been made in similar cases and eliminates the need for comprehensive and continuously updated legal codes. Civil law is a concept that originally emerges from Europe, fundamentally based upon Roman law. The idea of unifying all law into one system is quite an old one. There have been significant development in the Western world. Specifically, the Code of Justinian sets forth the groundwork for the single largest legal reform of the modern age, the Napoleonic Code. The process of codifying a body of laws is to summarize and systemize them, so that the laws become more clear. Normally, civil law tends to stray away from definitive la ws and relies on general principles that may be interpreted by the judge. It heavily depends on the judges to interpret each case and apply the necessary laws accordingly. A principal component of civil law is the codification. The earliest example of codification can be traced back to ancient Babylon with the creation of the Code of Hammurabi. The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte The Napoleonic Code is considered Napoleon’sShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And Its Effects On The Planet s History1272 Words   |  6 Pagesthree of them: initially, second and third gauge separately (Drew 2010). The difference between them were excessively noteworthy and baffled for the most minimal class. The primary most advantaged Estate was for around 2 percent of the whole populace. Toward the end of educational impact time, the force of Church was unlimited. Subsequently, it is normally that it took the first. 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In 1809 after graduating from Cambridge University, I joined the HMS Beagle as the ships ’ naturalist on a five-year voyage around South America. This is the trip in which I credit with establishing my working methods and knowledge that sustained my scientific career. My observations